D.C. PATHAK

The concept of security whether it concerns the nation, an establishment of strategic importance or even a business corpora[1]tion, revolves around some basic prin[1]ciples that brooked no compromise. We live in an insecure world where the issues of security are knocking at everyone’s doors – the State has to protect its own integrity amidst threats, external or domestic, but it is also supremely responsible for the security of its citizens as well. In a democratic dispensation, this can not happen unless people them[1]selves show an awareness about se[1]curity which makes them a conscious contributor to national security at large. This more than anything else, validates the first principle of security in our times about the ‘mainstream[1]ing’ of this function. Security of an enterprise is no more a matter of outsourcing it to a set of guards and their supervisors – it has to be built into the policy framework of the organisation, be based on planning and budgeting and above all, has to be in a position to act on the author[1]ity of the top man of the enterprise. The head of the organisation is deemed to be the ultimate reposi[1]tory of the security function though he or she would normally assign this responsibility to one of the Deputies. This stands to reason for in the event of a senior member being suspected of violating mandatory security regula[1]tions, there would be a reluctance to bell the cat if the security set-up did not have confidence that it had the attention of the person at the very top. In strategically sensitive establish[1]ments handling secret projects of the State, arrangements exist for taking prompt notice of any member exhibit[1]ing ‘vulnerability’ by way of falling for an ‘addiction’, living beyond means or befriending an ‘outsider’ in an unnatural fashion and confidentially checking out if there were grounds for any further suspicion. The point is that security is a com[1]prehensive call that can not be fulfilled without the notional involvement of the organisational leadership. Security clearly is a ‘mainstream’ task that embraces the length and breadth of the organisation. The second fundamental principle of security is that it is an INTEGRAL concept. The establishment is either secure or insecure – there is nothing like a house being half-secure or half of it being secure. Security basically is protection against ‘covert’ attacks of the enemy – an open or visible offensive against the nation will have to be countered by the defence forces of the country and if the target is an organisation, by the state law and order machinery responding to that attack. The unseen adversary tries to dam[1]age the three ‘assets’ of the nation or the targeted organisation as the case may be – physical resources, man[1]power and protected information – and this is what was profession[1]ally called Sabotage, Subversion and Espionage respectively. These are security concerns. In sensitive organisations, subver[1]sion basically meant changing the loyalty of a member away from the organisation to serve the cause of the ‘new master’, which can obviously be used for sabotage and espionage too. Arrangements are accordingly made by the security establishment to en[1]sure physical security, ‘personnel’ security and Information security – all put together through well-defined steps. Anticipated risks are assessed for planning total security measures and apart from a certain standardised framework of security built on the risk assessment, special arrangements are made to deal with any specific threat that Intelligence might have indicated for the targeted entity. Intelligence is information about the secret plans of the adversary and this is always difficult to come by. Large competing business corpo[1]rates would like to know what the rivals were up to and they make substantial investments in creating a team that was engaged the whole time in studying the market and the competitors to produce the so-called ‘Business Intelligence’. In these days of ‘knowledge-based’ decision-making, this function has acquired a newfound importance. The impact of climate change is an[1]other area of study now for security – across the spectrum of local to global concerns. Incidentally, it is rightly said that ‘you have to buy security’ and that ‘security does not come cheap’. This is, however, compensated by another principle of security that emphasises that ‘cost-effective security was the best security’. The logic of this is easy to understand. If two men can do what a team of three was assigned to do or where an operation could be completed in three steps instead of four, reduction would not only ‘lower’ the cost but also make the effort more efficient. A simple definition of ‘efficiency’ is the ‘productivity per unit of resource’ – the resource here is not only the money and manpower but ‘time’ as well. This concept is fully practised by our national Intelligence agencies even though they had a reasonable assurance that resources would not be allowed to come in the way of their mission. A security set-up is relatively free of bureaucratic impediments- decision[1]making is delegated subject to the healthy practice of seniors being kept informed. Also, the importance of work produced is often dis-linked from ‘rank’ and this was reflected in credit sharing as well. Further, the ‘boss’ was free to do ‘tasking’ but he or she was also obliged to provide ‘guidance’ where it was asked for. A senior given to ‘escapism’ in regard to this responsibility would have no future in an Intelligence or[1]ganisation or in fact anywhere else. A fundamental thing about security is that it is not a ‘one-time event’. The scale and pattern of security are deter[1]mined by the threat scenario and the latter was prone to changes – this is true of geopolitical developments, the environment in the neighbourhood and changes on the domestic front. In the era of globalisation and knowledge economy, a rival can spring up from anywhere in the world and a smaller player could take an estab[1]lished business by surprise through ‘smarter’ ways of working. Technology makes a human process ‘smart’ and now we have Artificial Intelligence (AI) that smartens up Information Technology itself. In the digital world, a lot is happening to upgrade life but for security, newer challenges are also emerging – ranging from Cyber Warfare to misuse of social media as ‘an instrument of combat’. Proxy wars have expanded to include ‘information warfare’ and influencing the narrative to pull down a target country or enterprise. AI is opening up new frontiers of data analytics, robotics and identity emulation and pushing product development and business applications to new heights but it has multiplied security concerns as well.

(The writer is a former Director of the Intelligence Bureau. Views expressed are personal IANS